Rokok elektronik menyebabkan berbagai macam penyakit berat bagi anak muda dan orang dewasa. Rokok jenis baru ini mengancam kesehatan, memperpendek umur, dan terkadang menyebabkan keracunan dan cedera paru yang mematikan – dengan kerusakan yang tampak tidak dapat disembuhkan.

Conflict of interest: Dr. Denkinger reports and CMD is a former employee of FIND. FIND is a non-for-profit foundation, whose mission is to find diagnostic solutions to overcome diseases of poverty in LMICs.

The mechanisms by which cigarette smoking impairs airway mucus clearance are not well understood. We recently established a ferret model of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibiting chronic bronchitis.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome atau disingkat ARDS adalah kondisi yang muncul ketika cairan mengumpul di alveoli, yaitu kantung udara kecil dan elastis pada paru-paru. Cairan biasanya merembes dari pembuluh darah kecil.

When can a relationship between an exposure and a disease be considered causal? Typically, several steps need to be followed to respond to the question, such as identifying, reviewing, evaluating and integrating the scientific